Objective To monitor five common pathogens carried by small mammals in key areas of Chongqing, China, so as to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of local rodent-borne diseases. Methods From 2021 to 2022, small mammals were collected using cage traps at night at three surveillance sites in the central urban area, Wanzhou District, and Fuling District of Chongqing. The liver, spleen, lung, and kidney tissues were collected to extract nucleic acids for detection of Leptospira interrogans, Rickettsia mooseri, and Bartonella by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) as well as Hantavirus and Dabie bandavirus by reverse transcription qPCR. Excel 2010 was used to sort and arrange the data. The SPSS 22.0 software performed statistical analysis on the experimental data. The species composition ratio and pathogen infection rate of rodents were compared by the Chi-squared test. Results A total of 1 188 small mammals were collected, among which Rattus norvegicus accounted for 33.50%, R. tanezumi accounted for 26.77%, Anourosorex squamipes accounted for 26.01%, and Mus musculus accounted for 9.85%, in addition to Leopoldamys edwardsi, R. nitidus, N. confucianus, Apodemus agrarius, and Crocidura attenuata, with a total of nine species. There was a significant difference in the species composition of small mammals between different surveillance sites ( χ ²=714.786, P<0.001). Four samples were positive for Seoul Hantavirus, 24 for L. interrogans, and 8 for Bartonella; the remaining samples were negative. A total of 33 small mammals were found positive, including 2 R. tanezumi and 1 R. norvegicus carrying both L. interrogns and Seoul Hantavirus. The overall infection rate was 2.78% for all pathogens, 0.34% for Hantavirus, 2.02% for L. interrogans, and 0.67% for Bartonella. There was a significant difference in the infection rates of the three pathogens ( χ ²=18.857, P<0.001). Conclusions L. interrogans, Bartonella, and Hantavirus were detected in small mammals in Chongqing. These pathogens were most frequently found in R. norvegicus, R tanezumi, and A. squamipes, which were mainly distributed in the key industries of urban Chongqing and the rural residential areas of Wanzhou District, and the authorities of these places should pay more attention to the spread and control of rodent-borne diseases.

Objective To control rat density and ensure public health security at the capital airport. Methods In a routine rodent density investigation carried out by Beijing Capital Airport Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau from October 15 to 17, 2009, it was found that the average rodent density in some areas of the capital airport was up to 5.17%, which exceeded the standard limit of International Hygiene Airport. An emergency response was immediately launched according to the Frontier Public Health Emergency Response Program, including the establishment of an emergency response team, development of the rodent control plan, administration of rodenticides and deployment of glue traps to reduce the rat density. Results After 30 days of emergency treatment, the rodent density decreased to 0.50%, and the monitoring after 40 days revealed zero rat density (based on the night trap measurement). Conclusion The Frontier Public Health Emergency Response Program played a crucial role to proper handling of rodent density increase.

Objective To identify the choice of spawning substrates by Musca domestica and Chrysomya megacephala. Methods The choice of spawning substrates by M. domestica and C. megacephala in insect rearing cages was recorded in laboratory. The odor preference of adult M. domestica was measured using a Y-tube olfactometer. Results A total of 86.58%, 6.08% and 7.34% of M. domestica laid eggs on the three kinds of substrate, wheat bran, lean meat and fish meal, respectively. The difference between the first spawning substrate and the others was significant (F＝162.97；υ＝2，15；P＜0.01). In contrast, C. megacephala laid eggs only on lean meat. In the two-way choice test for odors using an olfactometer, most of the males and females of M. domestica and C. megacephala were orientated towards lean meat, with wheat bran as the control. 85.02% of the males and 72.81% of the females of C. megacephala chose lean meat, between which the difference was significant (F＝8.66； υ ＝1，18；P＜0.01); however, the gender difference was insignificant in M. domestica. As for the comparison between fresh substrates and substrates fed by larvae, 73.43% of M. domestica laid eggs on the fed wheat bran and 57.57% on the fed lean meat, while 100% of C. megacephala laid eggs on the fed fish meal and 72.88% on the fed lean meat. Each of the egg laying amount was statistically different from that on fresh substrates. Conclusion Odors of the spawning substrate and information substances left by the larvae of the same species have a significant impact on the choice of spawning substrates by M. domestica and C. megacephala, which is of guiding significance for the development of fly attractants and the improvement of the fecundity of flies.

Objective To analyze the morphological characteristics of the receptors on ovipositors and legs related to the selection of oviposition substrates in female houseflies. Methods Ultrastructural observation of ovipositors and legs of female houseflies was performed under a scanning electron microscopy. Results Six receptors of different morphologies were found on the ovipositors and legs of female houseflies, including bristle sensilla, styliform sensilla, trichoid sensilla, basiconic sensilla, cavity sensilla and coeloconic sensilla. Among them, they were mostly presented on bristle, styliform and trichoid sensilla, followed by basiconic, cavity and coeloconic ones. The bristle sensilla formed a large angle between its stretch direction and the surface. Segmentation of the surface junctional membrane of trichoid sensilla could be seen or not. The length of the styliform sensilla on the 5th  abdominal  segment  was  300-700 μm,  while  those  on  the  legs  no  more  than 120 μm. The  basiconic  sensilla  under the hypopygium were inserted in the cotyloid cavity, the ends slightly thin and blunt; and those on the hindtarsus did not have such basal cavity, suddenly tapering at the ends. In the tibial base of the mid legs there were cavity sensilla?intensive areas. At the end of the left cerci was a coeloconic sensillum. Conclusion It is implied that houseflies regulate their oviposition behaviors according to the mechanical and humidity information of oviposition substrates detected by the sensitization of these sensilla.

【Abstract】 Objective To master the species and seasonal fluctuation of mosquitoes, and provide scientific basis for mosquitoes control in Beijing ports. Methods CO2?baited trap and net trap methods were used for the surveillance of adult mosquitoes, and the scoop dipping method for the surveillance of larvae. Results A total of 14 270 mosquitoes were collected, belonging to 4 genera and 6 species. They were  Anopheles sinensis, Culex pipiens pallens,  Cx.tritaeniorhynchus,  Aedes albopictus, Ae.vexans  and  Armigeres  subalbatus.  As  many  as  114  mosquito  larvae  were  collected,  which  were  Cx.pipiens  pallens  and Cx.modestus. The dominant specie was Cx.pipiens pallens and its active peak was September. Conclusion The integrated management should be taken for a long time to control mosquitoes in Beijing ports.

【Abstract】 Objective To investigate the community structure of fleas on small mammals in eight counties of southern mountainous areas in Yunnan. Methods Small mammal hosts were captured from eight counties selected randomly in southern mountainous areas and fleas were collected from the body surface of each host. Richness (S), Shannon?Wiener’s diversity index (H′), evenness (J′) and dominance index (C′) were used to measure the community structure of fleas on the hosts. Results There were 3184 small mammals captured, which belonged to 21 species,13 genera, 5 families and 4 orders. A total of 1767 fleas were collected from the small mammal hosts and were classified into 15 species, 13 genera and 5 families. There were seven dominant small mammals like Rattus tanezumi, Mus caroli, M.pahari, R.norvegicus, Suncus murinus, R.rattus sladeni and Niniventer fulvescens, and the dominant fleas were Xenopsylla cheopis, Nosopsyllus (Nosopsyllus) wualis and Leptopsylla segnis. Conclusion There are few fleas in the southern mountainous areas of Yunnan which biodiversity is lower than that in others.

【Abstract】 Objective To study the influence of the Beijing Capital International Airport T3 terminal construction on circumjacent rodent composition and density, and provide the evidence for the rodents control. Methods The night trapping method was used to investigate the rodent composition and density in the representative environments around the T3 terminal construction sites monthly. Results There were 102 rats belonged to three species caught in T3 terminal construction sites. The dominant specie was Mus musculus, accounting for 67.65% of the total. Rattus norvegicus and Apodemus agrarius accounted for 21.57% and 10.78%, respectively. There was significant difference in the rodent composition from 2005 to 2008（χ²＝17.24，P＝0.008）, and the average rodent density reduced year after year. Conclusion The construction of T3 terminal led to the change of environment, resulting in change of rodent composition and its density. It should strengthen the surveillance of rodent for the important construction item around its peripheral environment and carry out thoroughly the killing of rodent.

【Abstract】 Objective To master the fly species and population composition at Beijing port and provide scientific evidence for fly control. Methods The baited fly traps method was used in this study. Results There were 30 species, 16 genera, 5 families of flies captured from April to November of 2006 and 2007. The annual average fly density was 59.7 flies/(cage ·day). There were two peaks, one was in May and the other was in September. Conclusion It was important to clean out the breeding sites for the control of flies at Beijing port.

【Abstract】 Objective To master the species and composition of ectozoa on the body of the rodents and hedgepig in Beijing ports. Methods Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Apodemus agrarius and Erinaceus europaeus were captured by night trapping method, and the ectoza were collected from the body of them. Results A total of 282 ectozoas were picked up and identified, belonging to 12 species. It included 61 gamasid mite belonging to 6 species, 203 ticks belonging to 4 species, 13 chigger  mite  belonging to 1 species and 5 fleas belonging to 1 species. Beside the above species, there were Laelaps echidninus, Ls.jettmari, Ls.nuttalli, Haemolaelaps glasgowi, Hirstionyssus sunci, Macrocheles muscaedomesticae, Dermacentor silvarum, Dermacentor nuttalli, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Haemaphysalis longicornis, Leptotrombidium pallidium, Xenopsylla cheopis, respectively. Conclusion The infestation ratio and the ectozoa index of these hosts were lower with the exception of hedgepig.

Objective To evaluate the repellence of five plants against the female adults of Culex pipiens pallens. Methods Ethanol extractions of five plants were tested for repellence against the female adults of Cx.pipiens pallens with a "Y" olfactometer. Results The results showed that the effects of 20% Mentha hapiocalyx Briq.,Acorus tatarinowii Schott.,2% M.hapiocalyx, A.tatarinowii and Canavium album Raeuseh on the behavior of mosquitoes,91.5%,86.1%,81.2%,80.4%,78.2%,respectively,were similar( P>0.05). But the repellency of 20% M.hapiocalyx against mosquitoes was significantly stronger than any concentration of Xanthium sibiricum Patrin. or Schizonepeta tenuifolia (Benth.) Briq.( P<0.05). Conclusion The mint is a popular herb in China and shows greater potential to the control of mosquitoes.